According to Maslow, which of the following is considered a 'growth need' rather than a 'deficiency need'?

• Safety
• Love/Belonging
• Esteem
• Self-Actualization

Rewards and reinforcement are always adequate to explain human motivation according to behavioral learning theory.

Who developed the expectancy-valence model linking motivation to success probability and incentive value?

• John Atkinson

Intrinsic motivation declines as students progress from elementary to secondary school.

Which of the following best exemplifies an internal and unstable attribution for an academic outcome?

• Ability
• Task difficulty
• Effort
• Luck

What term describes a student's belief about whether outcomes in their life are controlled by their own efforts or by external factors?

• Locus of control

Students who are motivated by a desire for knowledge and self-improvement are demonstrating which type of goal orientation?

• Performance goal orientation
• Mastery goal orientation
• Competitive goal orientation
• Avoidance goal orientation

Students with high internal locus of control are more likely to experience academic success.

What are two main types of motivation that influence student learning?

• Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Effective praise should be contingent, specific, and credible to reinforce appropriate behavior in the classroom.

What is the term for the internal process that activates, guides, and maintains behavior over time? (One word)

• Motivation

According to Maslow, what are the needs called that are essential for physical and psychological well-being? (two words)

• Deficiency needs

Which theory explains motivation based on people's explanations for success and failure, such as ability or luck? (two words)

• Attribution theory

In locus of control theory, what term describes when a person believes they are responsible for their own success or failure? (two words)

• Internal locus

In expectancy theory, motivation is calculated as the product of the perceived probability of success and what? (two words)

• Incentive value

Which type of goal orientation is characterized by a desire for knowledge and self-improvement, not competition? (one word)

• Mastery

What emotion, often linked to fear of failure, can hinder learning and performance in students? (one word)

• Anxiety

What term describes motivation that comes from within a person, driven by enjoyment or interest? (one word)

• Intrinsic

What should extrinsic rewards be primarily based on, rather than just participation, according to motivational principles? (three words)

• Quality of performance

What form of positive feedback should be contingent, specific, and credible to effectively reinforce student behavior? (one word)

• Praise