過去分詞はもう動詞ではなくなっていて「その動作の結果の状態のイメージ」 be動詞と一緒使うと「～される，～された」と訳すことが多い have と一緒に使うと【“過去を持っている”状態，過去と現在がつながっている状況】を表すことができる have は主語によって has にもなる 否定文や疑問文でも have[has] を使う

日本語には英語の現在完了のような表現がないので色んな訳し方がある その一つが「～し続けている」【継続】 I have lived in Osaka for five year. 私は5年間大阪に住んでいます。 「住んでいます」だが現在進行形でない 過去に始まった動作・状態が今も継続していることを表す よく使われる言葉 for ～の間 since ～以来

彼女は2020年から先生をしています。

• She has been a doctor since 2020.
• She has been a musician since 2020.
• She has been a teacher since 2020.

彼女たちは子どものころからずっと友だちです。

• They have been friends since childhood.
• She has studied English since last year.
• We have played soccer for two hours.

彼女はこの会社で10年間働いています。

• I have lived in this city for ten years.
• He has worked at this company for ten years.
• Kumi has studied English since last year.

私は長い間その公園を訪れていません。

• I do not visited the park for a long time.
• I do not have visited the park for a long time.
• I have not visited the park for a long time.

彼女は先週から夕食を作っていません。

• She has not cooked dinner since yesterday.
• She has not cooked dinner since last week.
• She has not cooked dinner since last month.

私たちは3年間彼に会っていません。

• We have not met him for three years.
• He has not met her for ten years.
• I have not met him for two years.

彼女は2019年から東京に住んでいますか。はい，そうです。いいえ，そうではありません。

• Does she have lived in Tokyo since 2019?—Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.
• Does she live in Tokyo since 2019?—Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.
• Has she lived in Tokyo since 2019?—Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't.

彼らは長い間一緒に働いていますか。はい，そうです。いいえ，そうではありません。

• Have they worked together for a long time?—Yes, they have. / No, they haven't.
• Have you worked together for a long time?—Yes, we have. / No, we haven't.
• Have we worked together for a long time?—Yes, you have. / No, you haven't.

下の語句をならべかえなさい:（文頭は大文字で） 彼は2時間数学を勉強していますか。( studied / for / has / math / two hours / he )

• Has he studied math for two hours?

私たちは朝からここにいますか。 Are we stay here since morning?

彼女は4月からどこで働いていますか。病院です。

• Where is she working since April?—She is working at a hospital.
• Where does she work since April?—She works at a hospital.
• Where has she worked since April?—She has worked at a hospital.

あなたはどれくらいの期間彼女を知っていますか。5 年です。

• How long have you known her?—I have known her for five years.
• How long do you know her?—I know her for five years.
• How long did you know her?—I knew her for five years.

なぜ彼は3日間ベッドにいますか。病気だからです。

• Why does he stay in bed for three days?—He stays in bed because he is sick.
• Why has he stayed in bed for three days?—He has stayed in bed because he is sick.
• Why was he staying in bed for three days?—He was staying in bed because he was sick.

下の語句をならべかえなさい:（文頭は大文字で） だれが10年間この家に住んでいますか。( in / for / has / this house / who / lived / ten years )

• Who has lived in this house for ten years?

I got sick yesterday, and I'm still sick.【ほぼ同じ内容の文に】 I ( ) ( ) sick since yesterday.

• have been

You have been busy since last week.【疑問文に】（文頭は大文字で） ( ) ( ) ( ) busy since last week?

• Have you been

• Have you been busy since last week?

Ken has lived in Hokkaido for a year.【期間を尋ねる疑問文に】（文頭は大文字で） ( ) ( ) has Ken lived in Hokkaido?

• How long

• How long has Ken lived in Hokkaido?

私は昨日ずっと空腹でした。 I have been hungry yesterday.